Botanical atlas Peer-reviewed evidence Government and registry records Proposed screening criteria

Thirty-four regional botanicals checked against primary records, with evidence, safety and trade status side by side

A map and dossiers of botanicals from nine regions, from the Middle East to the Andes. Each entry gives the accepted name, a published method, the strongest human evidence, safety notes, CITES status and any customs ruling on record.

Status. EUTECNIQ has not sourced, tested or sold any of these botanicals, and inclusion is not a recommendation. Markers show where a species grows; they do not mark suppliers. No Iranian-origin material would be sourced (U.S. sanctions, 31 CFR 560.201; see Legal status).

Academy fundamentals: Course 1, History of botanical medicine · Course 3, accepted names · Course 5, Soil and cultivation

Most entries rest on small or heterogeneous trials, and 6 of 34 carry a documented safety concernPeer-reviewed evidence Registry records

34botanicals in 9 regions

22with a meta-analysis of RCTs as the strongest evidence

6with a documented safety concern

4listed in CITES Appendix II (one only for Russia's population)

25with a customs classification on record (CBP ruling or HS heading text)

10whose POWO range includes Iran: sanctions note applies

Atlas dossiers on this page: PubMed, LiverTox (NIDDK), CITES Species+, Plants of the World Online (Kew) and U.S. CBP CROSS rulings, read October 22–23, 2026.

Atlas

The 34 botanicals come from nine regions, and 25 of them grow in only one

Where the 34 botanicals grow, with illustrative routes to the ports of Los Angeles and Long BeachPOWO ranges

Region Evidence CITES-listed only Illustrative routes

Showing all 34 botanicals.

Botanicals

Choose a botanical in the list to read its dossier here.

Black seed Nigella sativa L.

Meta-analysis of RCTs Authors report benefit

Accepted name: Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae). Range in POWO: Romania to W. & SW. Iran (native). POWO record
Part used: Seed; seed oil
Where shown on the map: Central Anatolia, Türkiye (Middle East)
Marker compounds and a published method: Thymoquinone. HPLC-UV after methanolic extraction, validated; thymoquinone in commercial products ranged from 3.08 to 809.4 mg/100 g. Khaikin et al., Nutrients 2022 (PMID 36079759)
Strongest human evidence: Meta-analysis of RCTs: systolic blood pressure −3.06 mmHg (95% CI −3.89 to −2.22) and diastolic −2.69 mmHg (−3.72 to −1.66), with very high heterogeneity (I² 84.7% and 97.3%). Kavyani et al., Phytother Res 2023 (PMID 37341696)
Safety: Not assessed here. No LiverTox chapter or NCCIH fact sheet was found (October 2026). The method paper above suggests keeping thymoquinone below 48.6 mg per adult per day, a literature-derived figure, not a regulatory limit. Khaikin et al., Nutrients 2022 (PMID 36079759)
CITES: Not listed (no Species+ record) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Black seed oil: 1515.90.81 in CBP ruling NY N351895 (2025). Seed: not assessed. CBP NY N351895 (2025)
U.S. market note: SPINS 2024: #38 in the U.S. mainstream channel ($7.74 million, +7.7%) and #19 in the natural expanded channel ($7.86 million). HerbalGram 144, Tables 4–5 (SPINS)
Access and benefit-sharing: Türkiye: not a Party. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Sanctions note. This species also grows or is cultivated in Iran, and Iranian-origin material would not be sourced. U.S. sanctions (31 CFR 560.201) prohibit importing goods of Iranian origin unless OFAC authorizes it; the general authorization for Iranian foodstuffs ended on August 6, 2018. Whether processing in another country changes origin is a question for sanctions counsel. See Legal status.

Sumac Rhus coriaria L.

Meta-analysis of RCTs Authors report benefit

Accepted name: Rhus coriaria L. (Anacardiaceae). Range in POWO: Macaronesia, Mediterranean to Afghanistan (native). POWO record
Part used: Fruit
Where shown on the map: Southeastern Anatolia, Türkiye (Middle East); Sicily, Italy (Mediterranean)
Marker compounds and a published method: Flavonol aglycones (myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol). Validated high-throughput HPLC on a monolithic column for myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol. Mehrdad et al., J AOAC Int 2009 (PMID 19714969)
Strongest human evidence: Meta-analysis of 15 trials (917 participants, 4–12 weeks): improvements in glycemic and lipid markers; no significant effect on inflammatory markers. Jafari et al., Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2026 (PMID 41329614)
Safety: Not assessed.
CITES: Not listed (no Species+ record) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Not assessed.
Access and benefit-sharing: Türkiye: not a Party; Italy: not a Party. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Pomegranate Punica granatum L.

Meta-analysis of RCTs Authors report benefit

Accepted name: Punica granatum L. (Lythraceae). Range in POWO: NE. Türkiye to W. & N. Pakistan (native). POWO record
Part used: Fruit juice; peel extract
Where shown on the map: Northeastern Türkiye (Middle East); Northern Pakistan (South Asia)
Marker compounds and a published method: Punicalagin, ellagic acid, gallic acid and other phenolics. HPLC chemical fingerprint with quantitative analysis of peel polyphenols. Li et al., Food Chem 2015 (PMID 25624199)
Strongest human evidence: Meta-analysis of 14 trials (573 people) of juice: systolic blood pressure −5.02 mmHg (95% CI −7.55 to −2.48); the effect was not seen beyond 2 months of intake. Ghaemi et al., Phytother Res 2023 (PMID 37461211)
Safety: NCCIH (April 2025): juice is believed safe and extract may be safe; root, stem and peel may not be safe in large amounts; allergic reactions have been reported. NCCIH, Pomegranate (updated April 2025)
CITES: Not listed (no Species+ record) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Not assessed.
Access and benefit-sharing: Türkiye: not a Party; Pakistan: Party since 2016-02-21. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Licorice Glycyrrhiza glabra L.

Meta-analysis of RCTs Documented safety concern Harm signal

Accepted name: Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Fabaceae). Range in POWO: Central Mediterranean to Mongolia and Pakistan (native). POWO record
Part used: Root
Where shown on the map: Central Türkiye (Middle East); Calabria, Italy (Mediterranean)
Marker compounds and a published method: Glycyrrhizin (glycyrrhizic acid). Validated HPTLC densitometry for glycyrrhizin in G. glabra extract. Gantait et al., J AOAC Int 2010 (PMID 20480894)
Strongest human evidence: Meta-analysis of 18 studies (n = 337) with at least 100 mg glycyrrhizic acid a day: systolic blood pressure +5.45 mmHg (95% CI 3.51 to 7.39), diastolic +3.19 mmHg, plasma potassium −0.33 mmol/L. Penninkilampi et al., J Hum Hypertens 2017 (PMID 28660884)
Safety: LiverTox (updated March 20, 2023): high doses cause many serious adverse events but no reported liver injury. NCCIH (April 2025): glycyrrhizin can cause irregular heartbeat and cardiac arrest, especially in large amounts or long-term use. LiverTox, Licorice (updated 2023 Mar 20) (PMID 37043593); NCCIH, Licorice Root (updated April 2025)
CITES: Not listed (no Species+ record) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Root: 12.11 (licorice is named in Chapter 12 Note 4). Extract: 1302.12, "of liquorice". WCO HS 2022
Access and benefit-sharing: Türkiye: not a Party; Italy: not a Party. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Argan Sideroxylon spinosum L.

Meta-analysis of RCTs Authors report benefit

Accepted name: Sideroxylon spinosum L. (Sapotaceae). Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels, the name used in trade and most literature, is a synonym in POWO. Range in POWO: S. Morocco, W. Algeria, N. Western Sahara, N. Mauritania (native). POWO record
Part used: Kernel oil
Where shown on the map: Souss, Morocco (North Africa)
Marker compounds and a published method: Fatty-acid profile (stearic and arachidic acids discriminated provenance in the cited study). Fatty-acid profiling by GC as an authenticity and provenance criterion for argan oil. Miklavčič et al., Molecules 2020 (PMID 32906680)
Strongest human evidence: Meta-analysis of 5 RCTs (292 participants): total cholesterol −16.85 mg/dL, LDL cholesterol −11.67 mg/dL, triglycerides −13.69 mg/dL, HDL cholesterol +4.14 mg/dL. Ursoniu et al., Phytother Res 2018 (PMID 29130532)
Safety: Not assessed.
CITES: Not listed (no Species+ record under either name) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Argan oil from Morocco: 1515.90.80 in CBP ruling NY N158315 (2011). CBP NY N158315 (2011)
Access and benefit-sharing: Morocco: Party since 2022-07-21. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Milk thistle Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.

Meta-analysis of RCTs Authors report benefit

Accepted name: Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (Asteraceae). Range in POWO: Macaronesia, Mediterranean to C. Asia and India, Ethiopia (native). POWO record
Part used: Fruit ("seed")
Where shown on the map: Andalusia, Spain (Mediterranean); Northwestern Morocco (North Africa)
Marker compounds and a published method: Silymarin flavonolignans (six measured by the cited method). HPLC-UV single-laboratory validation for six flavonolignans in raw materials and finished products, recommended for AOAC First Action. Mudge et al., Anal Bioanal Chem 2015 (PMID 26229030)
Strongest human evidence: Meta-analysis of 26 RCTs (2,375 patients with fatty liver disease): lower ALT, AST and LDL cholesterol and improved steatosis; the authors call for confirmation. Li et al., Ann Hepatol 2024 (PMID 38579127)
Safety: LiverTox (updated January 21, 2020): not implicated in liver injury. NCCIH (February 2025): products have been found with silymarin far from the label claim or contaminated with pesticides, microorganisms or mycotoxins. LiverTox, Milk Thistle (updated 2020 Jan 21) (PMID 31644124); NCCIH, Milk Thistle (updated February 2025)
CITES: Not listed (no Species+ record) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Extract: 1302.19.40 (CBP NY N236981, 2013). Silymarin 80%: 2932.99.61, an organic chemical (CBP HQ 967971, 2006). CBP NY N236981 (2013); CBP HQ 967971 (2006)
U.S. market note: SPINS 2024: #18 in the U.S. mainstream channel ($20.70 million) and #7 in the natural expanded channel ($19.00 million, +33.9%). HerbalGram 144, Tables 4–5 (SPINS)
Access and benefit-sharing: Spain: Party since 2014-10-12; Morocco: Party since 2022-07-21. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Olive leaf Olea europaea L.

Meta-analysis of RCTs Mixed or uncertain

Accepted name: Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae). Range in POWO: Africa, Mediterranean to S.-C. China (native). POWO record
Part used: Leaf
Where shown on the map: Andalusia, Spain (Mediterranean); Peloponnese, Greece (Mediterranean); Central Tunisia (North Africa)
Marker compounds and a published method: Oleuropein and other phenolics. HPLC-DAD method, developed and validated, for oleuropein and other phenolics in olive-leaf by-products. Martínez-Navarro et al., J Sci Food Agric 2021 (PMID 32839982)
Strongest human evidence: Systematic review and meta-analysis of 12 RCTs (703 adults): inconsistent effects on glucose, blood pressure and lipids; pooled fasting glucose in low-dose studies favored the control group. Álvares et al., Nutr Rev 2024 (PMID 38287654)
Safety: Not assessed.
CITES: Not listed (no Species+ record) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Not assessed.
Access and benefit-sharing: Spain: Party since 2014-10-12; Greece: Party since 2020-05-14; Tunisia: Party since 2021-11-25. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Chios mastic Pistacia lentiscus L.

Human RCT Authors report benefit

Accepted name: Pistacia lentiscus L. (Anacardiaceae). Chios mastic is the resin of P. lentiscus var. chia. Range in POWO: Canary Is., Mediterranean (native). POWO record
Part used: Resin
Where shown on the map: Chios, Greece (Mediterranean)
Marker compounds and a published method: Essential-oil constituents (α-pinene enantiomers, myrcene). Chiral and non-chiral GC-MS of mastic oil; (−)/(+)-α-pinene and α-pinene/myrcene ratios as authenticity markers. Paraschos et al., Fitoterapia 2016 (PMID 27514656)
Strongest human evidence: One RCT in 148 patients with functional dyspepsia (350 mg three times daily for 3 weeks): marked symptom improvement in 77% versus 40% on placebo. Dabos et al., J Ethnopharmacol 2010 (PMID 19961914)
Safety: Not assessed.
CITES: Not listed (no Species+ record) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Natural resins fall in heading 13.01 ("natural gums, resins, gum-resins and oleoresins"); no CBP ruling on mastic was found. WCO HS 2022
Access and benefit-sharing: Greece: Party since 2020-05-14. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Saffron Crocus sativus L.

Meta-analysis of RCTs Mixed or uncertain

Accepted name: Crocus sativus L. (Iridaceae). Range in POWO: A cultigen from Greece; POWO lists eight regions where it is introduced, including Spain, Italy, Morocco, Türkiye, the western Himalaya and Iran. POWO record
Part used: Stigma
Where shown on the map: Kozani, Greece (Mediterranean); La Mancha, Spain (Mediterranean); Taliouine area, Morocco (North Africa); Kashmir valley, India (South Asia)
Marker compounds and a published method: Crocins, picrocrocin, safranal. ISO 3632 UV-vis method compared with HPLC-DAD for safranal. García-Rodríguez et al., Food Chem 2017 (PMID 27979282)
Strongest human evidence: GRADE-rated meta-analysis of 34 RCTs (1,769 participants): self-rated depression (BDI −4.39) and anxiety (BAI −5.06) improved; clinician-rated scales (HDRS, HARS) did not. A 6-week RCT in 51 healthy adults with subclinical symptoms found no effect on the primary outcome. Mahmoudi et al., Nutr Neurosci 2026 (PMID 41693488); Amadieu et al., Am J Clin Nutr 2025 (PMID 41047129)
Safety: Not assessed here; no LiverTox chapter or NCCIH fact sheet was found (October 2026).
CITES: Not listed (no Species+ record) CITES Species+
Customs classification: 09.10 ("ginger, saffron, turmeric ..."); CBP HQ 088327 (1991) classified saffron in 0910.20. WCO HS 2022; CBP HQ 088327 (1991)
Access and benefit-sharing: Greece: Party since 2020-05-14; Spain: Party since 2014-10-12; Morocco: Party since 2022-07-21; India: Party since 2014-10-12. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Lavender (oral oil) Lavandula angustifolia Mill.

Meta-analysis of RCTs Authors report benefit

Accepted name: Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (Lamiaceae). Range in POWO: NE. Spain to Italy (native). POWO record
Part used: Flowering tops; essential oil
Where shown on the map: Provence, France (Mediterranean)
Marker compounds and a published method: Volatile constituents profiled by the ISO 11024 GC-MS method. Targeted and untargeted GC-MS with chemometrics for lavender oil quality. Beale et al., Molecules 2017 (PMID 28800104)
Strongest human evidence: Pooled analysis of placebo-controlled RCTs of one oral lavender-oil preparation (Silexan) in subthreshold anxiety (697 patients): HAMA total 3.83 points lower than placebo (95% CI 1.28 to 6.37). The authors state the result cannot be generalized to other lavender oil products. Möller et al., Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019 (PMID 29150713)
Safety: NCCIH (February 2025): oral products may be safe short term; diarrhea, headache, nausea or burping can occur; topical products can cause allergic skin reactions. NCCIH, Lavender (updated February 2025)
CITES: Not listed (no Species+ record) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Essential oils: heading 33.01. WCO HS 2022
Access and benefit-sharing: France: Party since 2016-11-29. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Turmeric Curcuma longa L.

Meta-analysis of RCTs Documented safety concern Authors report benefit

Accepted name: Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae). Range in POWO: A cultigen from SW. India. POWO record
Part used: Rhizome
Where shown on the map: Kerala, India (South Asia)
Marker compounds and a published method: Curcuminoids (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin). HPLC single-laboratory validation for curcuminoids in raw materials and supplements, AOAC First Action 2016.16. Mudge et al., J AOAC Int 2018 (PMID 28707614)
Strongest human evidence: Meta-analysis of 29 RCTs (2,396 participants, five arthritis types): improved pain and inflammation; the authors rate the trials as low in quality and number. Zeng et al., Front Immunol 2022 (PMID 35935936)
Safety: LiverTox (updated June 16, 2025): implicated in several dozen cases of clinically apparent liver injury. In 10 DILIN cases, 7 patients carried HLA-B*35:01 and 3 of 7 tested products also contained piperine. NCCIH: highly bioavailable curcumin formulations may harm the liver. LiverTox, Turmeric (updated 2025 Jun 16) (PMID 31643876); Halegoua-DeMarzio et al., Am J Med 2023 (PMID 36252717); NCCIH, Turmeric (updated April 2025)
CITES: Not listed (no Species+ record) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Rhizome: 09.10. Granular curcumin 95%: 2106.90.99, a food preparation (CBP HQ H322257, 2023). WCO HS 2022; CBP HQ H322257 (2023)
U.S. market note: SPINS 2024: #4 in the U.S. mainstream channel ($141.79 million) and #1 in the natural expanded channel ($37.10 million). HerbalGram 144, Tables 4–5 (SPINS)
Access and benefit-sharing: India: Party since 2014-10-12. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Ashwagandha Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal

Meta-analysis of RCTs Documented safety concern Authors report benefit

Accepted name: Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae). Range in POWO: S. Europe to C. China, Africa to Myanmar (native). POWO record
Part used: Root
Where shown on the map: Madhya Pradesh, India (South Asia)
Marker compounds and a published method: Withanolides (withaferin A, withanolide A) and withanosides. UHPLC-PDA quantification of 11 withanosides and withanolides, with MS/MS confirmation. Girme et al., ACS Omega 2020 (PMID 33163776)
Strongest human evidence: Meta-analysis of 12 RCTs (1,002 participants): lower anxiety (SMD −1.55) and stress (SMD −1.75) versus placebo; the authors rate certainty as low. Akhgarjand et al., Phytother Res 2022 (PMID 36017529)
Safety: LiverTox (updated December 3, 2024): implicated in clinically apparent liver injury; a U.S.–Iceland case series describes cholestatic or mixed injury after 2–12 weeks. NCCIH (March 2023): avoid in pregnancy; not recommended with thyroid or autoimmune disorders. LiverTox, Ashwagandha (updated 2024 Dec 3) (PMID 31643854); Björnsson et al., Liver Int 2020 (PMID 31991029); NCCIH, Ashwagandha (updated March 2023)
CITES: Not listed (no Species+ record) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Powdered extract: 1302.19.90 (CBP NY R04280, 2006). CBP NY R04280 (2006)
U.S. market note: SPINS 2024: #3 in the U.S. mainstream channel ($144.46 million, +13.8%) and #5 in the natural expanded channel ($21.25 million). HerbalGram 144, Tables 4–5 (SPINS)
Access and benefit-sharing: India: Party since 2014-10-12. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Bacopa Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.

Meta-analysis of RCTs Authors report benefit

Accepted name: Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. (Plantaginaceae). Range in POWO: Tropics and subtropics (native). POWO record
Part used: Aerial parts
Where shown on the map: West Bengal, India (South Asia)
Marker compounds and a published method: Bacosides (bacoside A, bacopasides). HPLC estimation of twelve bacopa saponins in extracts and formulations. Murthy et al., Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2006 (PMID 16755069)
Strongest human evidence: Meta-analysis of 9 RCTs (518 subjects) of standardized extracts for at least 12 weeks: faster Trail B (−17.9 ms) and choice reaction time. Kongkeaw et al., J Ethnopharmacol 2014 (PMID 24252493)
Safety: LiverTox (updated April 24, 2024): not linked to liver enzyme elevations or clinically apparent liver injury. LiverTox, Bacopa monnieri (updated 2024 Apr 24) (PMID 38718157)
CITES: Not listed (no Species+ record) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Powdered extract: 1302.19.90 (CBP NY R04280, 2006). CBP NY R04280 (2006)
U.S. market note: SPINS 2024: #34 in the U.S. mainstream channel ($8.85 million). HerbalGram 144, Tables 4–5 (SPINS)
Access and benefit-sharing: India: Party since 2014-10-12. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Indian frankincense Boswellia serrata Roxb.

Meta-analysis of RCTs Authors report benefit

Accepted name: Boswellia serrata Roxb. (Burseraceae). Range in POWO: Indian subcontinent (native). POWO record
Part used: Gum resin
Where shown on the map: Central India (South Asia)
Marker compounds and a published method: Boswellic acids. HPLC for curcuminoids, piperine, boswellic acids and andrographolides in foods and supplements. Brusač et al., Food Technol Biotechnol 2022 (PMID 36816876)
Strongest human evidence: Meta-analysis of 7 trials (545 patients with osteoarthritis): pain (VAS −8.33; WOMAC pain −14.22), stiffness and function improved. Yu et al., BMC Complement Med Ther 2020 (PMID 32680575)
Safety: LiverTox (updated November 4, 2020): not linked to aminotransferase elevations or clinically apparent liver injury. NCCIH (April 2025): not enough high-quality evidence to judge usefulness for any condition. LiverTox, Boswellia Serrata (updated 2020 Nov 4) (PMID 33151656); NCCIH, Boswellia (updated April 2025)
CITES: Not listed (Species+ status: not currently listed) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Gum resins: heading 13.01; CBP NY N359039 (2026) placed frankincense resin from Oman in 1301.90.91. WCO HS 2022; CBP NY N359039 (2026)
Access and benefit-sharing: India: Party since 2014-10-12. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Guggul Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari

Human RCT Documented safety concern No benefit on primary outcome

Accepted name: Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari (Burseraceae). Range in POWO: Oman, S. Pakistan to NW. and W. India (native). POWO record
Part used: Gum resin
Where shown on the map: Rajasthan, India (South Asia); Northern Oman (Middle East)
Marker compounds and a published method: E- and Z-guggulsterone. HPLC fingerprinting with quantification of E- and Z-guggulsterone and detection of possible adulterants. Ahmed et al., Planta Med 2016 (PMID 26669677)
Strongest human evidence: RCT in 103 adults with high cholesterol (8 weeks): standardized guggulipid raised LDL cholesterol by 4–5% while placebo lowered it 5%; 6 participants on guggulipid developed a hypersensitivity rash. Szapary et al., JAMA 2003 (PMID 12915429)
Safety: Hypersensitivity rash in 6 of 67 guggulipid recipients and none on placebo in the RCT above. No LiverTox chapter was found. Szapary et al., JAMA 2003 (PMID 12915429)
CITES: Appendix II since March 5, 2026 (CoP20), annotation #19: extracts (including resins, gums and essential oils) and powder, except listed finished retail products CITES Species+
Customs classification: Gum resins: heading 13.01. WCO HS 2022
Access and benefit-sharing: India: Party since 2014-10-12; Oman: Party since 2020-09-21. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Andrographis Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees

Meta-analysis of RCTs Authors report benefit

Accepted name: Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees (Acanthaceae). Range in POWO: Indian subcontinent (native). POWO record
Part used: Aerial parts
Where shown on the map: Karnataka, India (South Asia); Sri Lanka (South Asia)
Marker compounds and a published method: Andrographolide and related diterpene lactones. Validated method for the quality control of A. paniculata preparations. Karioti et al., Planta Med 2017 (PMID 28651289)
Strongest human evidence: Meta-analysis for acute respiratory tract infection: cough (SMD −0.39) and sore throat (SMD −1.13) improved versus placebo; trial quality was poor overall. Hu et al., PLoS One 2017 (PMID 28783743)
Safety: Meta-analysis of safety data: serious adverse events about 0.02 per 1,000 patients in RCTs; non-serious events, mainly gastrointestinal and skin, about 103 per 1,000. Worakunphanich et al., Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2021 (PMID 33372366)
CITES: Not listed (no Species+ record) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Extract: 1302.19.40 (CBP NY N253401, 2014). CBP NY N253401 (2014)
Access and benefit-sharing: India: Party since 2014-10-12; Sri Lanka: not a Party. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba L.

Meta-analysis of RCTs Mixed or uncertain

Accepted name: Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae). Range in POWO: China (Zhejiang) (native). POWO record
Part used: Leaf
Where shown on the map: Tianmu Shan, Zhejiang, China (East Asia)
Marker compounds and a published method: Terpene lactones (bilobalide, ginkgolides A, B, C and J); flavonol glycosides. HPLC-ELSD single-laboratory validation for terpene lactones in crude materials and finished products. Croom et al., J AOAC Int 2007 (PMID 17580616)
Strongest human evidence: Cochrane review (2026): in mild cognitive impairment, probably little or no effect at 6 months; in dementia, possibly small to moderate benefits at 6 months; uncertain in people with cognitive complaints. Wieland et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2026 (PMID 41641880)
Safety: LiverTox (updated March 14, 2018): not implicated in liver injury. NCCIH (February 2025): may increase bleeding risk with anticoagulants; fresh seeds are toxic. LiverTox, Ginkgo (updated 2018 Mar 14) (PMID 31644154); NCCIH, Ginkgo (updated February 2025)
CITES: Not listed (no Species+ record) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Dried leaves: 1211.90.80 (CBP NY d85468, 1998). Extract: 1302.19.40 (CBP NY b80155, 1996). CBP NY d85468 (1998); CBP NY b80155 (1996)
U.S. market note: SPINS 2024: #25 in the U.S. mainstream channel ($15.78 million, −30.4%). HerbalGram 144, Tables 4–5 (SPINS)
Access and benefit-sharing: China: Party since 2016-09-06. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Asian ginseng Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.

Meta-analysis of RCTs Authors report benefit

Accepted name: Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. (Araliaceae). Range in POWO: Russian Far East to Korea (native). POWO record
Part used: Root
Where shown on the map: Republic of Korea (East Asia); Jilin (Manchuria), China (East Asia)
Marker compounds and a published method: Ginsenosides (Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rd). HPLC-UV for six major ginsenosides; AOAC interlaboratory study with 14 laboratories (total ginsenosides reported). Brown et al., J AOAC Int 2013 (PMID 23513950)
Strongest human evidence: Meta-analysis of 16 RCTs (genus Panax): fasting blood glucose −0.31 mmol/L (95% CI −0.59 to −0.03); no significant effect on insulin, HbA1c or HOMA-IR. Shishtar et al., PLoS One 2014 (PMID 25265315)
Safety: LiverTox (updated March 14, 2018): not implicated in liver injury, with potential for herb–drug interactions. NCCIH (February 2025): insomnia is the most common side effect; may lower blood glucose. LiverTox, Ginseng (updated 2018 Mar 14) (PMID 31643526); NCCIH, Asian Ginseng (updated February 2025)
CITES: Appendix II for the population of the Russian Federation only; no other population is listed. (American ginseng, P. quinquefolius, is Appendix II for whole and sliced roots and parts of roots, not for manufactured derivatives such as powders or extracts.) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Ginseng roots have their own subheading, 1211.20. WCO HS 2022
U.S. market note: SPINS 2024 (Panax spp.): #40 in the U.S. mainstream channel ($7.36 million). HerbalGram 144, Tables 4–5 (SPINS)
Access and benefit-sharing: Republic of Korea: Party since 2017-08-17; China: Party since 2016-09-06. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Green tea Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze

Meta-analysis of RCTs Documented safety concern Authors report benefit

Accepted name: Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (Theaceae). Range in POWO: E. Himalaya to S. China and N. Indo-China, Hainan (native). POWO record
Part used: Leaf
Where shown on the map: Yunnan, China (East Asia); Assam, India (South Asia)
Marker compounds and a published method: Catechins (EGCG, EGC, ECG, EC); caffeine. HPLC-UV single-laboratory validation for catechins and caffeine in raw materials, extracts and supplements. Roman, J AOAC Int 2013 (PMID 24282928)
Strongest human evidence: Meta-analysis of 20 trials (1,415 participants; 145–3,000 mg catechins a day): total cholesterol −5.46 mg/dL and LDL cholesterol −5.30 mg/dL; no effect on HDL or triglycerides. Kim et al., J Am Diet Assoc 2011 (PMID 22027055)
Safety: LiverTox (updated November 20, 2020): green tea extract has been implicated in acute liver injury, including liver failure. A systematic review derived 338 mg EGCG a day as a safe intake for solid bolus doses. Topical sinecatechins (Veregen), a partially purified leaf-extract fraction, is an FDA-approved botanical drug. LiverTox, Green Tea (updated 2020 Nov 20) (PMID 31643260); Hu et al., Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018 (PMID 29580974); Veregen label (DailyMed)
CITES: Not listed (no Species+ record) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Leaf: Chapter 9 (tea). Extract with 95% polyphenols: 2101.20.20 (CBP NY N046674, 2008), because Chapter 13 Note 1 sends tea extracts to heading 21.01. WCO HS 2022; CBP NY N046674 (2008)
U.S. market note: SPINS 2024: #10 in the U.S. mainstream channel ($42.70 million). HerbalGram 144, Tables 4–5 (SPINS)
Access and benefit-sharing: China: Party since 2016-09-06; India: Party since 2014-10-12. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Thai black ginger Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker

Human RCT Authors report benefit

Accepted name: Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker (Zingiberaceae). Range in POWO: SE. Bangladesh to Indo-China (native). POWO record
Part used: Rhizome
Where shown on the map: Loei, Thailand (Southeast Asia)
Marker compounds and a published method: Polymethoxyflavones (methoxyflavones). Simultaneous quantitative analysis of 12 methoxyflavones in the rhizome. Ninomiya et al., J Nat Med 2016 (PMID 26711832)
Strongest human evidence: One RCT in overweight Japanese adults: a purified polymethoxyflavone fraction (12 mg a day for 12 weeks) reduced CT-measured visceral fat versus placebo. The result applies only to that fraction. Yoshino et al., Food Funct 2021 (PMID 33475663)
Safety: Not assessed.
CITES: Not listed (no Species+ record) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Not assessed.
Access and benefit-sharing: Thailand: not a Party. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Gotu kola Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.

Meta-analysis of RCTs No benefit on primary outcome

Accepted name: Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. (Apiaceae). Range in POWO: Caucasus, tropical and subtropical Old World to E. Australia and W. Pacific (native). POWO record
Part used: Aerial parts
Where shown on the map: Central Thailand (Southeast Asia)
Marker compounds and a published method: Major triterpenes; chlorogenic acid. Validated UHPLC-MS/MS (MRM) for major triterpenes and chlorogenic acid. Sabaragamuwa et al., Food Chem 2022 (PMID 34592625)
Strongest human evidence: Meta-analysis for cognition and mood: no significant difference from placebo in any cognitive domain; alertness rose and anger fell 1 hour after dosing. Puttarak et al., Sci Rep 2017 (PMID 28878245)
Safety: LiverTox (updated April 24, 2024): generally regarded as safe, with rare cases of clinically apparent liver injury with jaundice. LiverTox, Centella asiatica (updated 2024 Apr 24) (PMID 38718155)
CITES: Not listed (no Species+ record) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Not assessed.
Access and benefit-sharing: Thailand: not a Party. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Tongkat ali Eurycoma longifolia Jack

Meta-analysis of RCTs Authors report benefit

Accepted name: Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Simaroubaceae). Range in POWO: Indo-China to W. Malesia (native). POWO record
Part used: Root
Where shown on the map: Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia (Southeast Asia)
Marker compounds and a published method: Quassinoids, canthin-6-one alkaloids, scopoletin. HPLC-UV simultaneous determination of canthin-6-one alkaloids, quassinoids and scopoletin (J AOAC Int). Chaingam et al., J AOAC Int 2021 (PMID 33064798)
Strongest human evidence: Meta-analysis of 5 RCTs: total testosterone higher with supplementation (SMD 1.35, 95% CI 0.57 to 2.14), including in hypogonadal men. Leisegang et al., Medicina (Kaunas) 2022 (PMID 36013514)
Safety: Not assessed.
CITES: Not listed (no Species+ record) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Powder extract in bulk: 1302.19.90; the same extract in capsules: 2106.90.99 (CBP NY M80570, 2006). CBP NY M80570 (2006)
Access and benefit-sharing: Malaysia: Party since 2019-02-03. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Guarana Paullinia cupana Kunth

Human RCT Mixed or uncertain

Accepted name: Paullinia cupana Kunth (Sapindaceae). Range in POWO: Southern tropical America (native). POWO record
Part used: Seed
Where shown on the map: Maués, Amazonas, Brazil (Amazon)
Marker compounds and a published method: Caffeine and other methylxanthines; proanthocyanidins. Rapid simultaneous determination of methylxanthines and proanthocyanidins. Machado et al., Food Chem 2018 (PMID 28873557)
Strongest human evidence: Crossover RCT in trained cyclists: guarana (with 130 mg caffeine) improved time-trial work output with a trivial-to-small effect; the design could not separate guarana from its caffeine. Penna et al., Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024 (PMID 37898479)
Safety: LiverTox (updated January 28, 2023): few side effects at conventional doses and no link to liver injury; its main active components are caffeine and related xanthines. LiverTox, Guarana (updated 2023 Jan 28) (PMID 36753599)
CITES: Not listed (no Species+ record) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Not assessed.
U.S. market note: SPINS 2024: #15 in the U.S. mainstream channel ($26.85 million). HerbalGram 144, Tables 4–5 (SPINS)
Access and benefit-sharing: Brazil: Party since 2021-06-02. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Açaí Euterpe oleracea Mart.

Human RCT Mixed or uncertain

Accepted name: Euterpe oleracea Mart. (Arecaceae). Range in POWO: Trinidad to southern tropical America (native). POWO record
Part used: Fruit pulp
Where shown on the map: Pará, Brazil (Amazon)
Marker compounds and a published method: Anthocyanins. UHPLC separation and quantification of anthocyanins in açaí and dried blueberry extracts. Fibigr et al., J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017 (PMID 28605682)
Strongest human evidence: 12-week placebo-controlled pilot RCT in metabolic syndrome: two inflammation and oxidative-stress markers fell; glucose and lipid markers did not change. Kim et al., Food Funct 2018 (PMID 29850709)
Safety: NCCIH (November 2024): raw fruit and juice can carry parasites and have been linked to rare outbreaks of Chagas disease; açaí may affect gastrointestinal MRI. NCCIH, Acai (updated November 2024)
CITES: Not listed (no Species+ record) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Juice: 2009.80.60 (CBP NY N042120, 2009). CBP NY N042120 (2009)
Access and benefit-sharing: Brazil: Party since 2021-06-02. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Camu camu Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh

Human RCT Authors report benefit

Accepted name: Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh (Myrtaceae). Range in POWO: Southern tropical America (native). POWO record
Part used: Fruit
Where shown on the map: Loreto, Peru (Amazon)
Marker compounds and a published method: Anthocyanins and other polyphenols. Anthocyanin determination by HPLC-PDA, HPLC-MS and NMR. Zanatta et al., J Agric Food Chem 2005 (PMID 16302773)
Strongest human evidence: Crossover RCT in 30 overweight adults with high triglycerides (1.5 g a day for 12 weeks): liver fat fell 7.43% on camu camu and rose 8.42% on placebo. Agrinier et al., Cell Rep Med 2024 (PMID 39168095)
Safety: Not assessed.
CITES: Not listed (no Species+ record) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Frozen fruit: 0811.90.80 (CBP NY N106022, 2010). Fruit powder: 1106.30.40 (CBP NY N356055, 2025). CBP NY N106022 (2010); CBP NY N356055 (2025)
Access and benefit-sharing: Peru: Party since 2014-10-12. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Cat's claw Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Schult.) DC.

Human RCT Authors report benefit

Accepted name: Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Schult.) DC. (Rubiaceae). Range in POWO: Central and southern tropical America to Trinidad (native). POWO record
Part used: Bark
Where shown on the map: Ucayali, Peru (Amazon)
Marker compounds and a published method: Oxindole alkaloids. HPLC for oxindole alkaloids in bark and market products; total alkaloids ranged 0.156–0.962%. Ganzera et al., Planta Med 2001 (PMID 11488460)
Strongest human evidence: Small RCT in rheumatoid arthritis (24 weeks, with sulfasalazine or hydroxychloroquine): painful joints fell 53.2% versus 24.1% on placebo; the authors call it preliminary. Mur et al., J Rheumatol 2002 (PMID 11950006)
Safety: LiverTox (updated February 18, 2019): not implicated in liver injury. NCCIH (November 2024): might worsen autoimmune disease and slow blood clotting. LiverTox, Cat's Claw (updated 2019 Feb 18) (PMID 31643645); NCCIH, Cat's Claw (updated November 2024)
CITES: Not listed (no Species+ record) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Extract: 1302.19.40 (CBP NY a89824, 1996). CBP NY a89824 (1996)
Access and benefit-sharing: Peru: Party since 2014-10-12. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Maca Lepidium meyenii Walp.

Meta-analysis of RCTs No benefit on primary outcome

Accepted name: Lepidium meyenii Walp. (Brassicaceae). Range in POWO: S. Peru to NW. Argentina (native). POWO record
Part used: Hypocotyl (root)
Where shown on the map: Junín plateau, Peru (Andes)
Marker compounds and a published method: Macamides, glucosinolates, benzyl isothiocyanates, sterols. UHPLC-PDA and GC-MS quantification of 15 components. Xu et al., J Anal Methods Chem 2021 (PMID 34513111)
Strongest human evidence: Meta-analysis of 5 RCTs on semen quality: no significant effect on sperm concentration (WMD 2.22, 95% CI −2.94 to 7.37); the authors call the evidence too small for firm conclusions. Lee et al., Front Pharmacol 2022 (PMID 36110519)
Safety: LiverTox (updated April 10, 2019): not implicated in liver injury. LiverTox, Maca (updated 2019 Apr 10) (PMID 31643869)
CITES: Not listed (no Species+ record) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Maca powder: 2106.90.98, a food preparation (CBP NY N309185, 2020). CBP NY N309185 (2020)
U.S. market note: SPINS 2024: #12 in the U.S. mainstream channel ($35.19 million, +7.1%) and #21 in the natural expanded channel ($7.14 million). HerbalGram 144, Tables 4–5 (SPINS)
Access and benefit-sharing: Peru: Party since 2014-10-12. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Yacon Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp.) H.Rob.

Human RCT Authors report benefit

Accepted name: Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp.) H.Rob. (Asteraceae). Range in POWO: Western South America (native). POWO record
Part used: Tuberous root
Where shown on the map: Cajamarca, Peru (Andes); Cochabamba, Bolivia (Andes)
Marker compounds and a published method: Fructooligosaccharides (1-kestose, nystose). Chromatographic analysis of oligosaccharides with preparation of 1-kestose and nystose. Zhu et al., Int J Food Sci Nutr 2012 (PMID 22013906)
Strongest human evidence: Placebo-controlled RCT in overweight adults on an energy-restricted diet: yacon flour gave larger reductions in body weight, waist and body fat and improved bowel function. Machado et al., Clin Nutr ESPEN 2019 (PMID 30661690)
Safety: Not assessed.
CITES: Not listed (no Species+ record) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Not assessed.
Access and benefit-sharing: Peru: Party since 2014-10-12; Bolivia: Party since 2017-01-04. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Sangre de grado Croton lechleri Müll.Arg.

Human RCT Authors report benefit

Accepted name: Croton lechleri Müll.Arg. (Euphorbiaceae). Range in POWO: Western South America (native). POWO record
Part used: Latex
Where shown on the map: Eastern Andean slopes, Ecuador (Andes); Huánuco, Peru (Andes)
Marker compounds and a published method: Oligomeric proanthocyanidins (the drug substance crofelemer). FDA-approved label: crofelemer is characterized as an oligomeric proanthocyanidin mixture whose average degree of polymerization (5–7.5) is determined by phloroglucinol degradation. Mytesi label (DailyMed)
Strongest human evidence: Phase 3 RCT of crofelemer, the latex-derived botanical drug, in HIV-associated non-infectious diarrhea: clinical response 17.6% versus 8.0% on placebo. This is evidence for the purified, approved drug; latex sold as a supplement is a different product. Macarthur et al., HIV Clin Trials 2013 (PMID 24334179); Mytesi label (DailyMed)
Safety: The Mytesi label covers the drug only; the safety of other latex preparations is not assessed here. Mytesi label (DailyMed)
CITES: Not listed (no Species+ record) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Not assessed.
Access and benefit-sharing: Ecuador: Party since 2017-12-19; Peru: Party since 2014-10-12. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Devil's claw Harpagophytum procumbens (Burch.) DC.

Human RCT Authors report benefit

Accepted name: Harpagophytum procumbens (Burch.) DC. (Pedaliaceae). Range in POWO: Southern Africa (native). POWO record
Part used: Secondary root tuber
Where shown on the map: Central Namibia (Sub-Saharan Africa); Kalahari, Botswana (Sub-Saharan Africa)
Marker compounds and a published method: Harpagoside (iridoid glycoside). HPLC compared with HPTLC densitometry for harpagoside. Günther et al., J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005 (PMID 15797807)
Strongest human evidence: Systematic review of RCTs (no pooling): moderate evidence for powders and aqueous extracts at 50–100 mg harpagoside a day in osteoarthritis and acute flares of chronic low back pain; limited evidence for ethanolic extracts below 30 mg. Gagnier et al., BMC Complement Altern Med 2004 (PMID 15369596)
Safety: Safety review of 28 clinical trials: no double-blind study showed more adverse events than placebo; minor events, mainly gastrointestinal, in about 3% of patients; long-term data lacking. Vlachojannis et al., Phytother Res 2008 (PMID 18236448)
CITES: Not listed (Species+ status: not currently listed) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Liquid extract: 1302.19.40 (CBP NY c86018, 1998). CBP NY c86018 (1998)
Access and benefit-sharing: Namibia: Party since 2014-10-12; Botswana: Party since 2014-10-12. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Pygeum (African cherry) Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman

Meta-analysis of RCTs Authors report benefit

Accepted name: Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman (Rosaceae). Range in POWO: Ghana to Ethiopia and S. Africa, Comoros, Madagascar (native). POWO record
Part used: Bark
Where shown on the map: Northwest Region, Cameroon (Sub-Saharan Africa); Central Madagascar (Sub-Saharan Africa)
Marker compounds and a published method: Docosyl ferulate (one published HPLC marker). HPLC-UV (326 nm) determination of docosyl ferulate in bark extract. You et al., Se Pu 1997 (PMID 15739376)
Strongest human evidence: Cochrane review of 18 RCTs (1,562 men): overall symptom improvement twice as likely (RR 2.1); nocturia −19%, residual urine −24%, peak flow +23%. Trials were small and short. Wilt et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002 (PMID 11869585)
Safety: Adverse effects in the Cochrane review were mild and similar to placebo. Wilt et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002 (PMID 11869585)
CITES: Appendix II (annotation #4, as amended from March 5, 2026) CITES Species+
Customs classification: The bark has its own HS subheading, 1211.60 ("bark of African cherry"). WCO HS 2022
Access and benefit-sharing: Cameroon: Party since 2017-02-28; Madagascar: Party since 2014-10-12. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Hoodia Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet ex Decne.

Human RCT Documented safety concern No benefit on primary outcome

Accepted name: Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet ex Decne. (Apocynaceae). Range in POWO: Namibia to Free State (native). POWO record
Part used: Stem
Where shown on the map: Northern Cape, South Africa (Sub-Saharan Africa); Southern Namibia (Sub-Saharan Africa)
Marker compounds and a published method: Steroid (pregnane) glycosides, including P57. LC-ESI-MS determination of P57 in plant extracts and supplements (J AOAC Int). Avula et al., J AOAC Int 2006 (PMID 16792058)
Strongest human evidence: 15-day RCT of a purified extract in overweight women: no effect on energy intake or body weight; blood pressure, pulse, bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase rose, and nausea, vomiting and skin-sensation disturbances were more common. Blom et al., Am J Clin Nutr 2011 (PMID 21993434)
Safety: NCCIH (April 2025): the one small human study raised blood-pressure and heart-measure concerns. LiverTox (updated March 28, 2018): not implicated in liver injury. NCCIH, Hoodia (updated April 2025); LiverTox, Hoodia (updated 2018 Mar 28) (PMID 31644014)
CITES: Appendix II (Hoodia spp., annotation #9: all parts and derivatives except those labeled as produced under a controlled harvesting agreement with the Management Authority of Botswana, Namibia or South Africa) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Sterilized powder: 1211.90.90 (CBP NY L86868, 2005). CBP NY L86868 (2005)
Access and benefit-sharing: South Africa: Party since 2014-10-12; Namibia: Party since 2014-10-12. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Rooibos Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R.Dahlgren

Human RCT Mixed or uncertain

Accepted name: Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R.Dahlgren (Fabaceae). Range in POWO: Cape Provinces, South Africa (native). POWO record
Part used: Leaf and fine stem
Where shown on the map: Cederberg, Western Cape (Sub-Saharan Africa)
Marker compounds and a published method: Aspalathin (dihydrochalcone); isoorientin, orientin, rutin. HPLC-UV quantification of flavonoids in unfermented rooibos; aspalathin 49.9 mg/g. Bramati et al., J Agric Food Chem 2003 (PMID 14640601)
Strongest human evidence: 12-week placebo-controlled RCT of green and fermented rooibos extracts in adults at cardiovascular risk: small echocardiographic changes in some arms; one comparable change also occurred on placebo. Hartnick et al., J Med Food 2024 (PMID 38958559)
Safety: Not assessed.
CITES: Not listed (no Species+ record) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Single-species rooibos tea: 1211.90.92 (CBP HQ H320527, 2021). CBP HQ H320527 (2021)
Access and benefit-sharing: South Africa: Party since 2014-10-12. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Hibiscus (roselle) Sabdariffa gossypiifolia (Mill.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett

Meta-analysis of RCTs Authors report benefit

Accepted name: Sabdariffa gossypiifolia (Mill.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett (Malvaceae). Hibiscus sabdariffa L., the name used in trade, pharmacopeias and most literature, is a synonym in POWO. Range in POWO: W. tropical Africa to Sudan (native). POWO record
Part used: Calyx
Where shown on the map: Northern Nigeria (Sub-Saharan Africa); Central Sudan (North Africa)
Marker compounds and a published method: Anthocyanins (delphinidin-3-sambubioside, cyanidin-3-sambubioside); organic acids. LC/UV/MS of anthocyanins, organic acids and phenolic acids in market products. Li et al., J Food Sci 2024 (PMID 38235990)
Strongest human evidence: Meta-analysis: systolic blood pressure −7.10 mmHg versus placebo (95% CI −13.00 to −1.20; I² 95%), similar to medication in head-to-head trials; LDL cholesterol −6.76 mg/dL versus other teas and placebo. Ellis et al., Nutr Rev 2022 (PMID 34927694)
Safety: Not assessed.
CITES: Not listed (no Species+ record under either name) CITES Species+
Customs classification: Not assessed.
Access and benefit-sharing: Nigeria: Party since 2022-09-27; Sudan: Party since 2014-10-12. Nagoya Protocol status of the countries shown; the United States is not a Party. CBD list of Parties
U.S. dietary-ingredient status: Old or new dietary ingredient status not assessed; see NDIN and ODI.

Show data: all 34 botanicals

Atlas botanicals: accepted name, region, strongest human evidence and finding, safety flag, CITES status and customs heading
Botanical	Accepted name (POWO)	Regions	Strongest human evidence	Finding	Safety concern	CITES	Customs heading on record
Black seed	Nigella sativa L.	Middle East	Meta-analysis of RCTs	Authors report benefit	None documented in the sources cited	Not listed	Black seed oil: 1515.90.81 in CBP ruling NY N351895 (2025). Seed: not assessed.
Sumac	Rhus coriaria L.	Middle East, Mediterranean	Meta-analysis of RCTs	Authors report benefit	None documented in the sources cited	Not listed	Not assessed
Pomegranate	Punica granatum L.	Middle East, South Asia	Meta-analysis of RCTs	Authors report benefit	None documented in the sources cited	Not listed	Not assessed
Licorice	Glycyrrhiza glabra L.	Middle East, Mediterranean	Meta-analysis of RCTs	Harm signal	Yes	Not listed	Root: 12.11 (licorice is named in Chapter 12 Note 4). Extract: 1302.12, "of liquorice".
Argan	Sideroxylon spinosum L.	North Africa	Meta-analysis of RCTs	Authors report benefit	None documented in the sources cited	Not listed	Argan oil from Morocco: 1515.90.80 in CBP ruling NY N158315 (2011).
Milk thistle	Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.	North Africa, Mediterranean	Meta-analysis of RCTs	Authors report benefit	None documented in the sources cited	Not listed	Extract: 1302.19.40 (CBP NY N236981, 2013). Silymarin 80%: 2932.99.61, an organic chemical (CBP HQ 967971, 2006).
Olive leaf	Olea europaea L.	North Africa, Mediterranean	Meta-analysis of RCTs	Mixed or uncertain	None documented in the sources cited	Not listed	Not assessed
Chios mastic	Pistacia lentiscus L.	Mediterranean	Human RCT	Authors report benefit	None documented in the sources cited	Not listed	Natural resins fall in heading 13.01 ("natural gums, resins, gum-resins and oleoresins"); no CBP ruling on mastic was found.
Saffron	Crocus sativus L.	North Africa, Mediterranean, South Asia	Meta-analysis of RCTs	Mixed or uncertain	None documented in the sources cited	Not listed	09.10 ("ginger, saffron, turmeric ..."); CBP HQ 088327 (1991) classified saffron in 0910.20.
Lavender (oral oil)	Lavandula angustifolia Mill.	Mediterranean	Meta-analysis of RCTs	Authors report benefit	None documented in the sources cited	Not listed	Essential oils: heading 33.01.
Turmeric	Curcuma longa L.	South Asia	Meta-analysis of RCTs	Authors report benefit	Yes	Not listed	Rhizome: 09.10. Granular curcumin 95%: 2106.90.99, a food preparation (CBP HQ H322257, 2023).
Ashwagandha	Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal	South Asia	Meta-analysis of RCTs	Authors report benefit	Yes	Not listed	Powdered extract: 1302.19.90 (CBP NY R04280, 2006).
Bacopa	Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.	South Asia	Meta-analysis of RCTs	Authors report benefit	None documented in the sources cited	Not listed	Powdered extract: 1302.19.90 (CBP NY R04280, 2006).
Indian frankincense	Boswellia serrata Roxb.	South Asia	Meta-analysis of RCTs	Authors report benefit	None documented in the sources cited	Not listed	Gum resins: heading 13.01; CBP NY N359039 (2026) placed frankincense resin from Oman in 1301.90.91.
Guggul	Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari	Middle East, South Asia	Human RCT	No benefit on primary outcome	Yes	Appendix II since March 5	Gum resins: heading 13.01.
Andrographis	Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees	South Asia	Meta-analysis of RCTs	Authors report benefit	None documented in the sources cited	Not listed	Extract: 1302.19.40 (CBP NY N253401, 2014).
Ginkgo	Ginkgo biloba L.	East Asia	Meta-analysis of RCTs	Mixed or uncertain	None documented in the sources cited	Not listed	Dried leaves: 1211.90.80 (CBP NY d85468, 1998). Extract: 1302.19.40 (CBP NY b80155, 1996).
Asian ginseng	Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.	East Asia	Meta-analysis of RCTs	Authors report benefit	None documented in the sources cited	Appendix II for the population of the Russian Federation only; no other population is listed. (Russian population only)	Ginseng roots have their own subheading, 1211.20.
Green tea	Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze	South Asia, East Asia	Meta-analysis of RCTs	Authors report benefit	Yes	Not listed	Leaf: Chapter 9 (tea). Extract with 95% polyphenols: 2101.20.20 (CBP NY N046674, 2008), because Chapter 13 Note 1 sends tea extracts to heading 21.01.
Thai black ginger	Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker	Southeast Asia	Human RCT	Authors report benefit	None documented in the sources cited	Not listed	Not assessed
Gotu kola	Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.	Southeast Asia	Meta-analysis of RCTs	No benefit on primary outcome	None documented in the sources cited	Not listed	Not assessed
Tongkat ali	Eurycoma longifolia Jack	Southeast Asia	Meta-analysis of RCTs	Authors report benefit	None documented in the sources cited	Not listed	Powder extract in bulk: 1302.19.90; the same extract in capsules: 2106.90.99 (CBP NY M80570, 2006).
Guarana	Paullinia cupana Kunth	Amazon	Human RCT	Mixed or uncertain	None documented in the sources cited	Not listed	Not assessed
Açaí	Euterpe oleracea Mart.	Amazon	Human RCT	Mixed or uncertain	None documented in the sources cited	Not listed	Juice: 2009.80.60 (CBP NY N042120, 2009).
Camu camu	Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh	Amazon	Human RCT	Authors report benefit	None documented in the sources cited	Not listed	Frozen fruit: 0811.90.80 (CBP NY N106022, 2010). Fruit powder: 1106.30.40 (CBP NY N356055, 2025).
Cat's claw	Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Schult.) DC.	Amazon	Human RCT	Authors report benefit	None documented in the sources cited	Not listed	Extract: 1302.19.40 (CBP NY a89824, 1996).
Maca	Lepidium meyenii Walp.	Andes	Meta-analysis of RCTs	No benefit on primary outcome	None documented in the sources cited	Not listed	Maca powder: 2106.90.98, a food preparation (CBP NY N309185, 2020).
Yacon	Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp.) H.Rob.	Andes	Human RCT	Authors report benefit	None documented in the sources cited	Not listed	Not assessed
Sangre de grado	Croton lechleri Müll.Arg.	Andes	Human RCT	Authors report benefit	None documented in the sources cited	Not listed	Not assessed
Devil's claw	Harpagophytum procumbens (Burch.) DC.	Sub-Saharan Africa	Human RCT	Authors report benefit	None documented in the sources cited	Not listed	Liquid extract: 1302.19.40 (CBP NY c86018, 1998).
Pygeum (African cherry)	Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman	Sub-Saharan Africa	Meta-analysis of RCTs	Authors report benefit	None documented in the sources cited	Appendix II	The bark has its own HS subheading, 1211.60 ("bark of African cherry").
Hoodia	Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet ex Decne.	Sub-Saharan Africa	Human RCT	No benefit on primary outcome	Yes	Appendix II	Sterilized powder: 1211.90.90 (CBP NY L86868, 2005).
Rooibos	Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R.Dahlgren	Sub-Saharan Africa	Human RCT	Mixed or uncertain	None documented in the sources cited	Not listed	Single-species rooibos tea: 1211.90.92 (CBP HQ H320527, 2021).
Hibiscus (roselle)	Sabdariffa gossypiifolia (Mill.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett	North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa	Meta-analysis of RCTs	Authors report benefit	None documented in the sources cited	Not listed	Not assessed

Markers sit inside a region that Plants of the World Online lists for the species (native range, or the cultivated range for cultigens such as saffron and turmeric). They are not supplier locations, and no marker is placed in Iran. Arcs are great-circle paths to the San Pedro Bay ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, drawn for illustration; real shipments follow sea lanes and transshipment hubs.Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (accessed October 22, 2026); PubMed records and LiverTox (NIDDK); NCCIH herb fact sheets; CITES Species+ (checked October 22, 2026); U.S. CBP CROSS rulings; HerbalGram 144 (SPINS data); CBD Secretariat list of Parties. Base map: Natural Earth via world-atlas. Full references are listed in the dossiers and on the Sources page.

Explanation, details and sources

Filter by region or evidence, then choose a botanical in the list to read its dossier. The list and the dossiers carry the same information as the map, and a globe view is available.

Which botanicals span several regions: 34 botanicals linked to the nine atlas regions where they grow (grey nodes are regions)POWO ranges

A link joins a botanical to each atlas region inside its POWO-listed range (native, or cultivated range for cultigens). Node color is what the strongest human study found; hover or focus a node to see its links. Twenty-five botanicals grow in one atlas region, eight in two and saffron in three.Plants of the World Online (POWO), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, distribution records read October 22–23, 2026; region assignment as in the atlas table.

Reading the evidence

For 22 of 34 botanicals the strongest evidence is a meta-analysis, yet 6 of those 22 findings are mixed, null or harmful

Key: Traditional useIn vitroAnimalHuman PK/absorptionHuman RCTMeta-analysis of RCTsNot assessedDocumented safety concern

What the strongest human evidence found, by study design (number of botanicals)Peer-reviewed

Show data

Strongest design	Benefit reported	Mixed or uncertain	No benefit	Harm signal	Total	Botanicals
Meta-analysis of RCTs	16	3	2	1	22	Authors report benefit: Black seed, Sumac, Pomegranate, Argan, Milk thistle, Lavender (oral oil), Turmeric, Ashwagandha, Bacopa, Indian frankincense, Andrographis, Asian ginseng, Green tea, Tongkat ali, Pygeum (African cherry), Hibiscus (roselle); Mixed or uncertain: Olive leaf, Saffron, Ginkgo; No benefit on primary outcome: Gotu kola, Maca; Harm signal: Licorice
Human RCT (or a systematic review of RCTs)	7	3	2	0	12	Authors report benefit: Chios mastic, Thai black ginger, Camu camu, Cat's claw, Yacon, Sangre de grado, Devil's claw; Mixed or uncertain: Guarana, Açaí, Rooibos; No benefit on primary outcome: Guggul, Hoodia

One study per botanical: the most recent or largest meta-analysis of human RCTs found, otherwise the strongest RCT. A finding of benefit is the authors' conclusion and often comes with their own warning about trial quality. A meta-analysis tag says nothing about whether a specific commercial extract is effective.Studies cited in each dossier (PubMed, accessed October 22–23, 2026).

The same 34 findings as a zoomable sunburst: study design, then finding, then botanical (select a ring to zoom; a botanical opens its dossier)Peer-reviewed

Inner ring: design of the strongest human study found; middle ring: the study authors' own conclusion, condensed; outer ring: the botanical. Each botanical counts once. The table above lists every botanical by design and finding.Atlas dossiers on this page; each study is cited in its dossier (PubMed records read October 22–23, 2026).

Explanation, details and sources

Traditional use≠clinical evidence
A positive meta-analysis≠efficacy of a given product
Better absorption≠better outcomes
No LiverTox chapter≠proven safety

The tag names the design of the strongest human study found, not its quality. The finding is the study authors' own conclusion, condensed. Many meta-analyses pool small, short trials with high heterogeneity, and their authors usually say so.

Market presence

Ten atlas botanicals rank in a 2024 SPINS top-40 list; ashwagandha and turmeric each sold over $140 million in mainstream stores

2024 SPINS-tracked U.S. retail sales of the atlas botanicals that rank in a top-40 list, by store channel (US$ million)Industry estimate

Show data

Botanical	SPINS name	Mainstream rank	Mainstream 2024	Change	Natural rank	Natural 2024	Change
Turmeric	Turmeric	#4	$141.79M	−2.9%	#1	$37.10M	−1.7%
Ashwagandha	Ashwagandha	#3	$144.46M	+13.8%	#5	$21.25M	+6.0%
Green tea	Green tea	#10	$42.70M	−4.4%	not ranked	—	—
Maca	Maca	#12	$35.19M	+7.1%	#21	$7.14M	−1.4%
Milk thistle	Milk thistle	#18	$20.70M	−2.4%	#7	$19.00M	+33.9%
Guarana	Guarana	#15	$26.85M	−6.6%	not ranked	—	—
Ginkgo	Ginkgo	#25	$15.78M	−30.4%	#28	$4.85M	−0.8%
Black seed	Nigella	#38	$7.74M	+7.7%	#19	$7.86M	−2.2%
Asian ginseng	Ginseng	#40	$7.36M	−9.0%	#38	$3.40M	+2.5%
Bacopa	Bacopa	#34	$8.85M	−11.6%	not ranked	—	—

SPINS scanner data cover two store channels only (no online, practitioner or MLM sales) for the 52 weeks ending December 31, 2024; "ginseng" is SPINS's Panax category. Sales are of finished supplements whose primary ingredient is the botanical, not ingredient purchases. The other 24 botanicals are not in either top-40 list, which says nothing about their sales below that rank.Smith T, Lang C, Craft E. HerbalGram. 2025;(144):46–69, Tables 4 and 5; data: SPINS. Read October 22, 2026.

Market data for the full U.S. herbal category are on the market data page.

What makes a candidate

A candidate has to clear four separate screens, and the atlas only starts the fourth

Each screen can stop a botanical on its own. The screens are EUTECNIQ's proposal Management proposal; the facts come from the dossiers.

Four screens in series; the atlas records the first three for each botanical and leaves U.S. ingredient status openProposed screens Records, Oct 2026

One row per botanical. Evidence is the strongest human study found and the authors' own conclusion; a finding applies only to the preparation studied. A blank safety cell means none documented in the sources cited, which is not evidence of safety.Dossier sources: PubMed, LiverTox (NIDDK), NCCIH, CITES Species+, Plants of the World Online, CBD list of Nagoya Protocol Parties (accessed October 22–23, 2026).

Text version of the four screens

Screen 1

Evidence

Is there at least one controlled human trial, and what did it find?

22 entries rest on a meta-analysis and 12 on a single RCT or a review of RCTs.
23 report benefit; 6 are mixed, 4 found no benefit and 1 shows harm.
A finding applies only to the preparation studied.

More: Evidence and pharmacokinetics

Screen 2

Safety

Has harm been documented, and at what dose?

6 entries carry a documented concern: liver injury, raised blood pressure, rash or adverse vital signs.
14 have a LiverTox chapter; absence of a chapter is not evidence of safety.
A new ingredient would still need a safety dossier.

More: Toxicology

Screen 3

Supply and trade

Can it be traded lawfully and traced to a named origin?

4 are CITES-listed and need permits; wild-harvested plants also need a Lacey Act declaration.
For 10 species the POWO range includes Iran, which is excluded as an origin.
For 29 entries at least one country shown is a Party to the Nagoya Protocol, so access and benefit-sharing law may apply.

More: Global ingredients

Screen 4

U.S. ingredient status

Is the intended form an old or a new dietary ingredient, and what may the label claim?

Not assessed in the atlas for any entry; it depends on the form and part marketed before October 15, 1994.
Two atlas plants are sources of FDA-approved botanical drugs: crofelemer (sangre de grado) and sinecatechins (green tea).
Claims follow intended use, not the plant.

More: Botanicals, herbals and nutraceuticals

Under the FD&C Act a "new dietary ingredient" is one not marketed in the United States before October 15, 1994 (§ 413(d)). Whether any atlas botanical, in a given form and part, was marketed before that date is a documentation question for each ingredient; the atlas does not assess it.

Screen 4 is a documentation question for each form and part (FD&C Act § 413(d)); see NDIN and ODI.

Customs classification

Customs classification follows the product's form: one plant can move from heading 12.11 to 13.02, 21.06 or Chapter 29

U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) rulings on atlas botanicals show the pattern, from plant part to purified constituent.

Six botanicals whose HTSUS subheading changes as the product is processedCBP rulings

Dried plant parts sit in Chapter 9 or heading 12.11, extracts in 13.02, tea extracts in 21.01 (Chapter 13 Note 1), preparations or capsules in 21.06; a highly purified constituent can become an organic chemical. Chapter 9 and 09.10 entries are heading texts, not rulings.U.S. CBP CROSS rulings as cited; WCO HS 2022 heading texts.

All 21 CBP rulings on atlas botanicals

Botanical	Product in the ruling	HTSUS subheading	Ruling
Black seed	Black seed oil (with peanut and pumpkin seed oils) from Canada	1515.90.8190	NY N351895 (2025-08-29)
Argan	Argan oil from Morocco	1515.90.8090	NY N158315 (2011-04-21)
Milk thistle	Milk thistle extract from China	1302.19.4040	NY N236981 (2013-05-01)
Milk thistle	Silymarin 80% (milk thistle standardized extract); revokes HQ 964338	2932.99.6100	HQ 967971 (2006-03-02)
Saffron	Saffron	0910.20.0000	HQ 088327 (1991-01-29)
Turmeric	Granulated turmeric extract / standardized curcumin 95% (protest denied)	2106.90.99	HQ H322257 (2023-10-20)
Ashwagandha, bacopa	Powdered ashwagandha, bacopa, banaba and 'asiatica' extracts from India	1302.19.9040	NY R04280 (2006-07-02)
Frankincense (Boswellia from Oman)	Frankincense resins from Oman	1301.90.9190	NY N359039 (2026-03-11)
Andrographis	Andrographis paniculata extract from China	1302.19.4040	NY N253401 (2014-06-02)
Ginkgo	Dried whole Ginkgo biloba leaves from China	1211.90.8090	NY d85468 (1998-12-09)
Ginkgo	Ginkgo biloba extract from China	1302.19.4040	NY b80155 (1996-12-17)
Green tea	Green tea extract 95% polyphenols from China	2101.20.2000	NY N046674 (2008-12-16)
Tongkat ali	Tongkat ali powder extract from Malaysia, bulk and capsules	1302.19.9040 (bulk); 2106.90.9998 (capsules)	NY M80570 (2006-02-28)
Açaí	Açaí juice from Brazil	2009.80.6035	NY N042120 (2009-03-01)
Camu camu	Frozen camu camu fruit from Brazil	0811.90.8080	NY N106022 (2010-05-25)
Camu camu	Camu camu fruit powder from Brazil	1106.30.4000	NY N356055 (2025-12-10)
Cat's claw	Cat's claw (una de gato) extract	1302.19.4040	NY a89824 (1996-12-11)
Maca	Maca powder from Peru	2106.90.9898	NY N309185 (2020-02-11)
Devil's claw	Liquid devil's claw from the United Kingdom	1302.19.4040	NY c86018 (1998-04-06)
Hoodia	Hoodia gordonii powder from South Africa	1211.90.9090	NY L86868 (2005-08-11)
Rooibos	Rooibos tea from South Africa; modifies NY N280540	1211.90.9280	HQ H320527 (2021-11-12)

Heading texts cited

Heading texts: 09.10 names "ginger, saffron, turmeric"; 12.11 covers plants and parts used mainly in pharmacy or perfumery and has its own subheadings for ginseng roots (1211.20) and Prunus africana bark (1211.60); 13.02 covers vegetable saps and extracts; Chapter 13 Note 1 sends extracts of tea to 21.01 (WCO HS 2022).

Explanation, details and sources

Each ruling binds only the product it describes, at the date it was issued; duty rates are not repeated here. Trade data by heading are on the Global trade data page.

The U.S. import route

Five agencies govern a botanical import: FDA, CBP and APHIS steps apply to most shipments, FWS and OFAC checks to some

Drawn from the regulations as of October 2026. Which steps apply depends on the product, its form, its origin and the importer.

Seven import steps by agency, with who sets each one, what it requires and what it coversStatute and regulation

Lacey Act: APHIS Phase VII began December 1, 2024; paper PPQ 505 forms not accepted since January 1, 2026. OFAC: the general authorization for Iranian-origin foodstuffs ended August 6, 2018. Whether processing in another country changes origin is a question for sanctions counsel.21 CFR 1.225–1.230, 1.279, 1.500–1.514; FD&C Act § 801(a); 16 U.S.C. 3371(g), 3372(f); 50 CFR 23.13, 23.20; 7 CFR part 355; 31 CFR 560.201; USDA APHIS Lacey Act and CITES pages (October 19 and September 9, 2026).

Text version: each step with the regulatory text

FDA registrationThe foreign facility registers before it makes, packs or holds food for U.S. consumption, names a U.S. agent and renews in each even-numbered year.
FSVPThe U.S. importer runs a Foreign Supplier Verification Program, with modified rules for dietary supplements and their components.
Prior NoticeFDA must confirm a prior notice at least 2 to 8 hours before arrival, depending on the mode of transport.
CBP entryThe entry carries the HTSUS classification and FDA data; FDA may refuse goods that appear adulterated or misbranded.
Lacey ActA plant declaration with genus, species and country of harvest, unless the product is excluded.
CITESListed species need CITES documents, a USDA protected-plant permit and a designated port.
Sanctions screenGoods of Iranian origin may not be imported unless OFAC authorizes it.

Step	Requirement in the text	Applies to	Source (status)
FDA food facility registration	"You must register before your facility begins to manufacture, process, pack, or hold food for consumption in the United States"; renewal "every other year, during the period beginning on October 1 and ending on December 31 of each even-numbered year." A foreign facility designates a U.S. agent, who "may not be in the form of a mailbox, answering machine or service."	Foreign facilities, unless the food is further manufactured or packaged by another facility outside the United States before export. FDA's definition of food lists "dietary supplements and dietary ingredients" as examples.	21 CFR 1.225, 1.226(a), 1.227, 1.230 (final regulation)
Foreign Supplier Verification Program	For each food it imports, the importer must "develop, maintain, and follow an FSVP that provides adequate assurances" that the foreign supplier produces it in compliance with U.S. requirements. For each line entry the importer's name, e-mail address and unique facility identifier must be provided electronically when entry is filed with CBP. Section 1.511 reduces the FSVP steps when the importer or its customer is a Part 111 manufacturer that sets specifications and tests the material.	The U.S. owner or consignee at entry, or a U.S. agent designated by a foreign owner.	21 CFR 1.500–1.514, including 1.502, 1.509 and 1.511 (final regulation)
Prior Notice	FDA must confirm the notice "no less than 2 hours" before arrival by road, 4 hours by rail or air and 8 hours by water; it may be submitted no more than 30 calendar days ahead through ACE, or 15 through FDA's PNSI.	Food imported or offered for import, including dietary ingredients and supplements.	21 CFR 1.279 (final regulation)
CBP entry and FDA admissibility	The entry declares the HTSUS subheading. If an article "appears" from examination or otherwise to be adulterated or misbranded, among other grounds, it "shall be refused admission."	Every FDA-regulated shipment.	FD&C Act § 801(a), 21 U.S.C. 381(a) (statute)
Lacey Act plant declaration	The importer files a declaration with the scientific name (genus and species), the value and quantity and "the name of the country from which the plant was taken." APHIS began Phase VII of the phase-in on December 1, 2024; ACE is the primary filing method, LAWGS the alternative, and paper PPQ 505 forms have not been accepted since January 1, 2026.	Plants and plant products under the phased HTS list. The statutory definition of a plant excludes "common cultivars, except trees, and common food crops"; protected species are not exempt.	16 U.S.C. 3371(g), 3372(f) (statute); USDA APHIS Lacey Act page, last modified October 19, 2026
CITES	It is unlawful to "import, export, re-export, or engage in international trade with any specimen of a species listed in Appendix I, II, or III" without meeting Part 23; a valid CITES document must accompany the specimen. Businesses importing regulated plants need a USDA Protected Plant Permit, and CITES plants must enter through a designated port. What is covered depends on the listing's annotation.	In this atlas: guggul (extracts and powder, since March 5, 2026), pygeum bark, hoodia and wild ginseng of Russian origin.	50 CFR 23.13, 23.20 (final regulation); 7 CFR part 355; USDA APHIS CITES page, last modified September 9, 2026; CITES Species+
OFAC sanctions screen	"The importation into the United States of any goods or services of Iranian origin" is prohibited "except as otherwise authorized," and information and informational materials are excluded. The general authorization for Iranian-origin foodstuffs (§ 560.534; HTS chapters 2–23, which include saffron) was narrowed to a wind-down that ended at 11:59 p.m. EDT on August 6, 2018. On August 26, 2026 OFAC suspended five further Iran general licenses indefinitely. Whether processing in another country changes origin is a question for sanctions counsel.	Any goods of Iranian origin, for example saffron, sumac, black seed or licorice grown in Iran.	31 CFR 560.201 (regulation); 83 FR 30335 (June 28, 2018); 91 FR 54957 (August 26, 2026). See Legal status

Explanation, details and sources

After entry, the supplement manufacturer must still run at least one appropriate identity test on each dietary ingredient (21 CFR 111.75; see Quality standards). Tariff rates were not assessed. Not legal advice; customs brokers and counsel decide how the rules apply to a shipment.

Standardization pathway

Standardization starts with the right name and plant part, then a marker, a validated method and a specification

The proposed sequence from a sample to a specified ingredient Management proposal.

Six steps from a botanical name to a control strategy, and why the name comes firstProposed sequence

Accepted names: Plants of the World Online (accessed October 22, 2026). Label names: 21 CFR 101.4(h). Steps are a management proposal; the linked pages below cover each one.

Four generated leaves side by side: a narrow leaf with parallel veins running from base to tip, as in grasses; an elliptic leaf with a single midrib, side veins and a fine connecting network (pinnate, netted); a lobed leaf with five main veins radiating from the petiole (palmate, netted); and a fan-shaped leaf whose veins fork in twos and never rejoin (dichotomous, as in Ginkgo). — Venation types: Raven PH et al., Biology of Plants, 8th ed., 2013; Evert RF, Esau’s Plant Anatomy, 3rd ed., Wiley 2006. Generic leaves except the *Ginkgo*-type fan; generated, not traced. Generated illustration, EUTECNIQ. Full-size SVG

Two stem cross-sections side by side. Left, a herbaceous eudicot stem: epidermis, cortex, a single ring of vascular bundles with phloem outside and xylem inside separated by a cambium, and a central pith. Right, a monocot stem of the maize type: epidermis, many vascular bundles scattered through ground tissue, smaller and more crowded near the edge, with no cambium. Below each, one vascular bundle is enlarged. — Stem anatomy: Evert RF, Esau’s Plant Anatomy, 3rd ed., Wiley 2006; Raven PH et al., Biology of Plants, 8th ed., 2013, ch. 26. Monocot drawn on the maize pattern; not to scale. Generated illustration, EUTECNIQ. Full-size SVG

Text version with links to each step's page

Name and voucherRecord the POWO accepted name, the trade synonym and the plant part. U.S. labels use the Herbs of Commerce name with the part and, where required, the Latin binomial with author (21 CFR 101.4(h)).
IdentityOrthogonal identity tests on every lot, chosen from the analytical catalog.
Marker choiceDecide which constituents are active or analytical markers; see Purification and standardization.
Validated methodStart from a published method such as those cited in the dossiers and validate it for the matrix; see Method development.
SpecificationSet limits for identity, strength, purity and contaminants and decide how supplier certificates are verified; see Quality standards.
Control strategyStability and lot-release controls inside a QbD framework; see QbD and control strategy.

Two atlas names show why step 1 matters: Plants of the World Online now accepts Sideroxylon spinosum for argan and Sabdariffa gossypiifolia for hibiscus, while trade documents, pharmacopeias and most of the literature still use Argania spinosa and Hibiscus sabdariffa. Specifications and Lacey Act declarations should record both.

Pages for each step: analytical catalog, purification and standardization, method development, quality standards, QbD and control strategy.

Method, sources and limits of this atlas

What it is. A curated table of 34 botanicals, one or more per region, chosen because each has at least one human trial indexed in PubMed and a verifiable record in Plants of the World Online. It is a screening aid.

How each field was filled. Accepted names and ranges come from the POWO API (taxonomic status and "taxonRemarks"). Analytical methods are published validated methods, not pharmacopeial monographs, because the USP–NF and Ph. Eur. texts were not available to us; a monograph may exist and may differ. Evidence is the most recent or largest meta-analysis of RCTs found by a PubMed search, otherwise the strongest RCT; numbers are copied from the abstract. Safety notes come from LiverTox chapters (NIDDK), NCCIH fact sheets and the cited studies. CITES status comes from Species+; a species with no Species+ record under the CITES taxonomy has no listing. Customs classifications are CBP rulings whose holding text we read, or HS heading texts that name the product. U.S. market notes appear only where HerbalGram's SPINS tables rank the herb. Nagoya Protocol status is the CBD Secretariat's list of Parties.

Sanctions. U.S. sanctions (31 CFR 560.201) prohibit importing goods of Iranian origin unless OFAC authorizes it; the general authorization for Iranian foodstuffs ended on August 6, 2018. Whether processing in another country changes origin is a question for sanctions counsel

Dates. All records were retrieved October 22–23, 2026. Registry and regulatory data change; each dossier states its sources.

What it does not establish. Inclusion does not mean a botanical is lawful as a dietary ingredient in a given form, that its old or new dietary ingredient status is settled, that any product works, or that a supplier exists. Markers are not sourcing locations. A heading in a ruling applies to the product that ruling describes.

Verification. Every number, name and status was checked by the section owner against the primary record; the page's claim register lists each one with its source.

Suggest a botanical for screening

Producers, exporters and researchers can propose a species, plant part and origin. EUTECNIQ would run it through the same four screens before any discussion of supply.

Propose a botanical Persian medical heritage